In alcuni ambiti i lavoratori sono esposti al rischio da esposizione ad agenti biologici che possono mettere a repentaglio la loro salute e la loro sicurezza sul lavoro.
È, dunque, importante conoscere la tipologia degli agenti biologici al fine di adottare le misure di sicurezza più adeguate.
Qui di seguito tutte le informazioni contenute nel Titolo X del Testo Unico sulla Salute e Sicurezza sul lavoro (del D.Lgs. 81/08) e utili per preservare l’incolumità del lavoratore e della comunità.
Gli agenti biologici
L’art. 267 comma a del D.Lgs 81/08 definisce gli agenti biologici
“qualsiasi microorganismo, anche se geneticamente modificato, coltura cellulare ed endoparassita umano che potrebbe provocare infezioni, allergie o intossicazioni”
Attraverso tale definizione si fa riferimento a batteri, virus, tossine e funghi, i quali se diffusi in specifici ambienti lavorativi assumono vari gradi di virulenza e di patogenicità.
Al fine della prevenzione è dunque necessario conoscere la classificazione e le modalità di trasmissione degli agenti biologici al fine di attuare misure adeguate ad un determinato contesto.
Per questo, l’articolo 268 del D.Lgs. 81/08 riporta un sistema di classificazione, distinguendo i microrganismi in quattro gruppi a seconda della gravità della malattia che può causare.
Classificazione agenti biologici:
– Gruppo 1: gruppo meno rischioso, poiché non presenta malattie negli individui.
– Gruppo 2: vi appartengono gli agenti che possono causare malattie curabili con misure profilattiche e non dannosi per la comunità.
– Gruppo 3: le malattie causate sono molto più gravi e possono diffondersi nella comunità, ma nella maggior parte dei casi sono efficaci le ordinarie misure terapeutiche.
– Gruppo 4: vi appartengono i microrganismi che costituiscono un elevato rischio per la salute del lavoratore e della comunità.
La trasmissione
Inoltre, esistono diverse modalità in cui gli agenti biologici possono raggiungere l’organismo umano, quali il contatto diretto, indiretto e per via aerea.
Per contatto diretto si intende il trasferimento diretto ed immediato di agenti infettivi verso un ospite recettivo attraverso goccioline nelle mucose dell’occhio, del naso o della bocca. Nel contatto indiretto, un organismo è infettato da un oggetto contaminato da materiale biologico, come aghi e taglienti contaminati. Per trasmissione via aerea si intende la contaminazione tramite goccioline (droplet nuclei) contenenti microrganismi.
Documento di valutazione di rischio
Ai fini della sicurezza la redazione del documento della valutazione di rischio è di cruciale rilevanza, poiché permette di conoscere quale siano la classificazione degli agenti biologici in un dato ambiente di lavoro, le potenziali malattie ed effetti tossici, allergici e sinergici. È necessario che il documento contenga tutte le informazioni circa i criteri di valutazione, la tipologia di dispositivi di protezione e le procedure da attuare.
Le aziende a rischio biologico
In questo contesto si inseriscono due differenti tipologie di aziende. La distinzione avviene secondo il criterio di utilizzo deliberato sull’utilizzo di agenti biologici.
Le aziende farmaceutiche, agro alimentari e le aziende coinvolte nel trattamento dei rifiuti sono degli esempi di contesti lavorativi nei quali si utilizzano deliberatamente organismi biologici; aziende zootecniche, alimentari ed ospedali rappresentano luoghi di lavoro nelle quali può avvenire un rischio biologico a causa di un uno non deliberato.
Come prevenire l’esposizione
A seconda della tipologia di agente biologico, le aziende sono obbligate a fornire i DPI (dispositivi di protezione individuale) previste dalle norme vigenti.
Infatti i dispositivi di protezione individuale monouso, controllati, disinfettati e puliti dopo ogni utilizzo costituiscono un elemento fondamentale nella prevenzione. Esistono ulteriori strumenti di protezione quali indumenti protettivi. Questi, dopo ogni utilizzo, devono essere riposti in luoghi separati da altre tipologie di indumenti al termine di ogni prestazione lavorativa. Inoltre, gli abiti utilizzati devono essere sottoposti a disinfezione o a distruzione degli stessi.
È obbligo del datore di lavoro, qualora fosse possibile, evitare l’utilizzo di agenti biologici nocivi, ma nel caso in cui fossero indispensabili, limitare il numero di dipendenti esposti a tale condizione.
Al fine di ridurre e prevenire l’esposizione, le norme igieniche risultano fondamentali.
Infine, in un luogo di lavoro a rischio, deve essere istallata una segnaletica adeguata per segnalare eventuali pericoli.
Formazione
Nel contesto della prevenzione, la formazione del personale risulta un’operazione fondamentale, perché i lavoratori abbiano coscienza dei rischi ai quali si espongono in ambiente lavorativo. Inoltre è indispensabile che i dipendenti sappiano utilizzare correttamente i DPI al fine di prevenire situazioni di rischio per la propria salute e per quella dei colleghi.
Per maggiori informazioni sulla formazione, visita la sezione apposita del nostro sito.
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